The mechanical properties of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer composites have been extensively investigated over the past two decades ¹ , and a substantial body of literature confirms their superior strength-to-weight ratio relative to conventional metallic alloys ². Recent studies have shifted attention to fatigue behaviour under cyclic loading, where stress-life curves consistently exhibit a knee-point in the 10⁶-cycle region ³.
Furthermore, the empirical findings substantiate the theoretical underpinnings of the Tsai-Wu failure criterion, indicating that anisotropic damage initiation precedes catastrophic failure by several thousand cycles.